How young babies begin to explore their own movements and the environment in individual ways.
How babies respond to adults and children.
How young babies respond to attention, such as making eye contact or vocalising.
Young babies' body language when their needs have been met.
The circumstances in which babies will play by themselves when people are nearby to watch over them.
The people babies like to be with.
How babies respond to strangers and unfamiliar events.
How and when babies make eye contact with you.
The ways in which babies show they like to be with particular people.
How babies behave when their parent leaves at the beginning of a session and when they return.
The sounds and facial expressions young babies make in response to affectionate attention from their parent or key person.
Ways in which young babies respond to, or mimic, their key person's facial expressions or movements.
How young babies' behaviour changes in response to what other people do or say.
The way in which young babies cry to attract attention when they are hungry, angry or in pain.
How babies respond to being calmed.
The circumstances in which young babies look at other people's faces.
How patterns of looking and eye contact change over time and how long babies maintain eye contact with adults.
Occasions when babies gaze at adults and how they do so.
How young babies respond when you pick them up and cuddle them.
What makes babies smile or laugh.
How young babies react if they are left on their own.
Occasions that babies begin to enjoy and participate in interactive games such as peek-a-boo.
What soothes individual babies and helps them to relax.
Young babies' hunger patterns and responses to their food.
How young babies show their pleasure or interest in different situations.
8-20 Months
Strategies babies use to indicate likes and dislikes.
Babies' confidence in exploring what they can do.
Babies' play with their own feet, fingers, and toys placed near them.
The sounds, words and actions that babies use to show feelings such as pleasure, excitement, frustration or anger.
How babies show they like being close to adults.
How babies express affection.
How babies look at you to check your reaction when they are not sure of something.
How babies seek emotional reassurance when they are tired, stressed or frustrated.
How babies identify a favourite toy and use it to comfort themselves.
How babies show they prefer to be with familiar rather than unfamiliar people.
Round and round the garden - In a childminder's home, the childminder and baby have fun, sharing words actions and vocalisations. [transcript]
You can watch the video via modem or slow / fast / superfast broadband connections. If you are behind a network firewall, why not click here to view a flash file of the video. You do need to have the flash plugin.
The skills that babies use to make contact, such as making eye contact, inclining their heads, wiggling their toes, smiling, vocalising or banging.
How babies react to an audience.
How babies express a range of emotions.
Babies' responses to other people's feelings, for example, looking concerned if they hear crying or looking excited if they hear a familiar happy voice.
In what circumstances babies become distressed.
How and when babies express awareness or interest in what other people are doing.
Babies' responses to being praised when they do something you ask, such as loosening their grasp on your hair or face.
How babies show what they want.
Babies' responses when they know you have 'heard' them, and the personal signs, words or gestures they use to communicate.
16-26 Months
Instances of young children celebrating their special skills or qualities.
The challenges that children set themselves such as climbing on to a big chair and turning to sit down.
How children grow in confidence as they adapt to a setting.
Occasions when babies become confident to play happily on their own but near a familiar adult.
How babies watch your face and facial expression to guide them in new situations.
How babies cling when tired or afraid.
How babies begin to assert themselves and show resistance to adults.
How babies demonstrate their growing independence, wanting to do things for themselves and learning to say "No".
How children look to others to check the acceptability of their actions.
The different ways in which young children show their concern for other children.
How children express jealousy, defiance, pride and pleasure.
Children's awareness of their own belongings, and those of others, such as when they show they know which is their comforter, or get another child's toy to give to them when they are upset.
The efforts young children make to take off their own clothes.
Children's choices.
Young children's interest in similarities and differences, for example, their footwear, or patterns on their clothes and in physical appearance including hair texture and skin colour.
22-36 Months
Any patterns in what children choose to do or not to do.
The decisions that children begin to make.
Children's ability to value what they do themselves and what others do.
How children show their enthusiasm for things they like, or their anxiety about things that concern them.
How children show they are becoming more confident with a range of different carers.
How children begin to show affection and concern when other children are upset.
How children search out adults when they are hurt or distressed.
The circumstances in which children continue to be shy, for example, with strangers.
The strategies that children use to join in play with individual children or groups of children.
How children behave when they are the centre of attention.
In what circumstances children have tantrums or express frustration.
Whether children show embarrassment.
Responses to stories in which someone could be hurt or harmed.
Examples of independence, for example, a child playing happily with building blocks, or putting their cup back on a table.
What children choose to do when presented with several options.
Children's references to groups, people and places in the different communities of which they are members.
30-50 Months
Children's curiosity and drive to explore things around them.
Situations in which children show confidence and independence.
Children's reactions to and relationships with peers and adults, particularly those whose company they enjoy.
Instances of children's confidence and how they express their needs.
Children's ability to talk about, and take pride in, their homes and communities.
Examples of when children like to sit, have a cuddle and share the events of the day with a familiar adult.
Occasions when children form a particular friendship with another child for the first time.
Ways in which children show that they feel safe and cared for.
Children who like to be with others, and those who need support to join in.
Children's strategies for coping with change.
How adult approval or disapproval affects what children do.
Children's awareness of the feelings other people have, for example, that another child is crying because a toy is broken.
The different ways in which children show they know their own mind and what they want.
The circumstances in which children like to perform for other people.
Children's recognition of the needs of others.
How children show their care for others and the environment.
Instances of children celebrating their achievements.
How children use their own ideas to develop play.
Instances of children drawing upon their experiences beyond the setting, for example recognising that the lunchtime helper is somebody who lives near to them.
40-60+ Months
The activities which absorb and interest individual children.
Reactions to new activities and experiences, understanding that for some children such experiences can be both exciting and worrying.
Children's attentiveness to others, such as at group time, when a child is telling the others about something they have done at home, for example, helping to bath the baby.
The different ways children find to express their feelings, such as, "We are going to the tree house because the scary monsters are after us".
Children's pleasure in who they are and what they can do.
How children show their own feelings and are sensitive to the needs, views and feelings of others.
Children's awareness and appreciation of their own cultures and beliefs and those of other people.
Children's acceptance that they may need to wait for something, or to share things.
Children's relationships with other children and with adults.
Examples of children cooperating with other children or with an adult.
How children show you they understand that they cannot always have what they want, when they want it.
How children react to new social situations.
Children's understanding that their own actions affect other people.
Children's understanding of boundaries and behavioural expectations.
Children's increasing understanding of acceptable behaviour for themselves and others.
Children's ideas and explanations about what is right and wrong.
Children's awareness of the consequences of their words and actions.
How children set about a chosen activity or task, and the success they achieve.
Children's recognition and management of their own needs, for example, that they need to put on a waterproof coat to go out in the rain.
Children's interest in and respect for different ways of life.
Children's recognition and appreciation of their place in the world and extended family, and among friends and neighbours.
Acknowledgements
Disclaimer
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